University of Chicago Study Finds Tooth Sensitivity May Be Linked to Ancient Fish

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Now, if you’ve ever gotten a toothache from eating something cold, like ice cream — well, tonight, scientists at the University of Chicago might have discovered the reason why. And it could go all the way back to ancient fish some 500 million years ago. But when you’re looking, you’re really feeling it in my teeth, right?

Well, we’re joined tonight by the lead author of a new study out today, Dr. Yara. Jared, thanks for being with us tonight.

Thank you so much for having us.

Let’s start from the beginning. What have you learned about teeth? Explain that to us.

So, our teeth come from a very long and strange lineage of structures from ancient fish. A lot of people don’t believe me — or my dentist friends don’t believe me — when I tell them that our teeth actually started outside the mouth as the scales of really ancient fish.

Okay, that kind of explains a little bit though. But why did you make this discovery and why is it so important?

One of the questions that we look at is why we have any hard parts at all. Why are we not just goopy animals? Lots of perfectly good animals are goop — jellyfish, amoebas. Why do we have these hard parts? And so we look in the fossil record for that. One of the things we’re trying to figure out is the history of teeth and how they came about. And so we looked at some fossils and realized they had a lot of sensitive structures.

Make the connection to fish for us.

This is an old fish, 500 million years ago. We had the museum on last week and we were holding fossils that I think were only like 200 million years. So you’re going to 500 million? How did you make that connection between our teeth and an ancient fish’s teeth?

These early scales that are on the outside of the body, that look like teeth and are made of the same stuff that our teeth are made of — dentine and enamel, you probably heard those words from your dentist — we see those exact same tissues in the fossil record on the outside of these ancient fish, as we do in our own mouths. And some modern fish still have them on the outside, like catfish and skates and sharks.

So you’re talking to two people who really focus on their teeth. All right, doctor, you’re in our business. We’re always making sure — now we kind of thought we know a little bit about teeth. So we were thinking the dentine and the nerve, like when we eat ice cream, we would think that’s a nerve or maybe some gum erosion.

But you’re a paleontologist. So what are your dentist friends saying when you tell them about this discovery?

Well, they definitely tell me to stop looking at rocks and start looking at real animals. But what’s really interesting about looking at rocks is that we can ask certain questions like, where did dense dentine start? We know that it started about 500 to 460 million years ago. But what we can’t ask is, “Hey, does it hurt when I touch your tooth, your outside tooth?” And those questions were best asked to modern fish. That’s why we had to work with sharks and catfish to actually test if their teeth that are on the outside are sensitive.

So what happens, I guess, 500 million years from now? What are our teeth going to do? Are they going to change like these fish’s teeth have changed? Have you guys looked into that?

We definitely assume that things will continue to change as we continue to use them. I guess it would be best if, you know, we had thicker enamel for all the acidic foods we eat, but it’s really hard to predict where evolution is going to go.

Yeah, I use enamel toothpaste to focus on the enamel, use gum toothpaste to focus on that. I want to take you back — apparently you did a college thing, an all-nighter at the Argonne Laboratory when you were studying all this research. How did that work out? And how did your teeth work out? Did you all eat something? How did you do it?

Basically, when we’re trying to look at these really tiny fossils, these tiny, tiny ancient teeth, you really need a really strong way to image them. So we went to Argonne, which is a synchrotron — it’s basically a particle accelerator that makes X-rays that are a hundred billion times brighter than your doctor’s X-ray. That’s how we can image fossils. From that, we were able to image something like 200 fossils in one night because they have some amazing facilities over there. I had an amazing team with me. We stayed up all night just switching out samples, imaging things, all night so we could figure out: ah, these teeth, the structures that we’re seeing inside them, on the outside, are really very similar to those that we have today inside them.

We’re going to get a Jeopardy question, right, Cheryl?

One day for sure. “What is the connection to our teeth?” It’s going to be an ancient fish.

Well, full circle — when I went to college, that’s what I wanted to be originally, was a dentist. Okay, all right. So I changed my mind. And here we are talking about teeth on the show. This is fascinating because now I’m going to call my dentist, because she’s always talking about enamel and teeth and, you know, protecting your teeth.

Continued success to you and your team. We really enjoy learning a couple new things, and it’s great that it’s happening here in this wonderful city. Thank you, doctor, for your time tonight.

Keep coming back with new information too, and let us know how we can keep our teeth.Tell us how we can do that. I think that’s the important — doing the right thing, which is brush and floss and take care of your gums, and all that. Doctor, thank you. All right, thank you so much.

“Father of Hybrid Rice” Yuan Longping dies at 91

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Chinese scientist Yuan Longping, renowned for developing the first hybrid rice strain that pulled countless people out of hunger, died of illness at 91 on Saturday, May 22nd, 2021 Beijing time.

The top rice scientist in China passed away in a hospital in Changsha, capital of Hunan Province, at about 1 p.m. , according to the hospital and other sources.

He has helped China work a great wonder — feeding nearly one-fifth of the world’s population with less than nine percent of the world’s total land. He succeeded in cultivating the world’s first high-yielding hybrid rice strain in 1973, which was later grown on a large scale in China and other countries to substantially raise output.

Yuan has spent over five decades researching and developing hybrid rice, which has reached its third generation. Until early this year, he had been conducting research in a seed breeding base in Hainan.

Data shows the accumulated planting area of hybrid rice has exceeded 16 million hectares in China, or 57 percent of the total planting area of rice, helping feed an extra 80 million people a year.

Its growth area overseas has reached 8 million hectares.

Yuan spent his life researching rice and was a household name in China, known by the nickname “Father of Hybrid Rice.” Worldwide, a fifth of all rice now comes from species created by hybrid rice following Yuan’s breakthrough discoveries, according to the website of the World Food Prize, which he won in 2004.

On Saturday afternoon, large crowds honored the scientist by marching past the hospital in Hunan province where he died, local media reported, calling out phrases such as: “Grandpa Ye, have a good journey!”

It was in the 1970s when Yuan achieved the breakthroughs that would make him a household name. He developed a hybrid strain of rice that recorded an annual yield 20% higher than existing varieties — meaning it could feed an extra 70 million people a year, according to Xinhua.

His work helped transform China from “food deficiency to food security” within three decades, according to the World Food Prize, which was created by Nobel Peace Prize laureate Norman Borlaug in 1986 to recognize scientists and others who have improved the quality and availability of food.

Yuan and his team worked with dozens of countries around the world to address issues of food security as well as malnutrition.

Even in his later years, Yuan did not stop doing research. In 2017, working with a Hunan agricultural school, he helped create a strain of low-cadmium indica rice for areas suffering from heavy metal pollution, reducing the amount of cadmium in rice by more than 90%.

A Transcript of Vanessa Bryant’s Speech on behalf of Kobe Bryant at Hall of Fame Introduction Ceremony

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The long-awaited 2020 Naismith Basketball Hall of Fame class may be one of the best in the sport’s history, featuring NBA legends like Tim Duncan and Kevin Garnett, a WNBA great in Tamika Catchings, and a stellar list of coaches, including Rudy Tomjanovich, Eddie Sutton, and Barbara Stevens. But the night will likely be remembered, most clearly, for Vanessa Bryant’s speech, which she gave on behalf of her late husband, Kobe Bryant, the longtime Los Angeles Lakers star and five-time NBA champion who was killed last year in a helicopter crash alongside his teenage daughter, Gianna, and seven others.

Here is a transcript of Vanessa Bryant’s speech on behalf of Kobe Bryant during his Naismith Basketball Hall of Fame enshrinement ceremony at the Mohegan Sun Casino and Resort in Uncasville, Conn., on Saturday. She was accompanied by Hall of Famer Michael Jordan:

Last February, I called Michael and asked him if he would introduce Kobe tonight, and he graciously accepted. Thank you for being here. Kobe admired you. This means so much to us.

I used to always avoid praising my husband to public, because I felt like he got enough praise from his fans around the world and someone had to bring him back to reality.

Right now, I’m sure he’s laughing in heaven, because I’m about to praise him in public for his accomplishments on one of the most public stages.

I can see him now, arms folded, with a huge grin saying, “Isn’t this some shit.”

He’s still winning.

I wish my husband was here to accept this incredible award. He and Gigi deserve to be here to witness this. Gigi would be so proud to watch her daddy get enshrined into the basketball Hall of Fame. I know he was really looking forward to being here. He asked the Hall of Fame to specifically add a sixth ticket for Capri. He was so happy.

He didn’t really talk about upcoming awards, but he did mention this one a week before he and Gigi passed. My husband and I were sitting at our kitchen island, and he and I had a conversation about my mother- and father-in-law attending tonight’s enshrinement. I invited my mother- and father-in-law in this enshrinement to thank them for bringing one of the most amazing human beings into this world.

Pam and Joe, thank you for raising Kobe to be exceptional. Thank you to all of Kobe’s family. Sharia, you’ve gone above and beyond. I love you.

There would never be anyone like Kobe.

Kobe was one of a kind. He was special. He was humble, off the court, but bigger than life.

To all of our close friends and family that have been present for my girls and I, thank you. That was just one, and it takes a village. But know that your kindness and love does not go unappreciated. I know that Kobe’s thankful that you’re all coming through for his girls. We love you all and are forever grateful for you.

If my husband were here tonight, he would have a long list of people to thank that helped inspire him and equip him to be in the Hall of Fame. Family, friends, mentors, the Lakers, teammates, muses and opponents.

This is one of the many hard parts about not having them here.

At the risk of leaving anyone out, I can only say thank you. To all those who helped him get here, you know who you are, and I thank you on his behalf.

I don’t have a speech prepared by my husband because he winged every single speech. He was intelligent, eloquent and gifted at many things, including public speaking.

However, I do know that he would thank everyone that helped him get here, including the people that doubted him and the people that worked against him and told him he couldn’t attain his goals. He would thank all of them and motivating him to be here. After all, he proved you wrong.

All of the athletes that accept the Hall of Fame Award share the fact that they have sacrificed a part of their lives to dedicate more time to their craft. It takes a lot of self-drive, dedication and discipline. No one can take away from their own success.

Kobe’s personal stats, speak for themselves. Kobe was on a different level. He never took shortcuts when it came to basketball. He gave this game his all.

Kobe played through injury after injury. To name a few, he had IVs administered during halftimes to play with food poisoning and the flu. He played with a broken nose. He had a broken finger and had it snap back in place, just enough to finish the game. He also taught himself how to use his left hand to play the rest of the season while his finger healed. He even switched to free throws, with a torn Achilles and walked off the court, on his own.

I’ll never forget the look he gave me as he walked off the court that game. I knew it was bad. The crowd was cheering, and I was reassuring Natalia and Giana that daddy would be OK, just like any other injury.

But as he walked into the tunnel, there was no wink and was no kiss blown my way. I could see the concerned look on his face. That injury was big, but his comeback from that injury was bigger.

People don’t know this, but one of the reasons my husband played for injuries and pain was because he said I remember being a little kid sitting in the nosebleeds with his dad to watch his favorite player play. He could recall the car ride, the convos and the excitement of being lucky enough to have a seat in the arena. Kobe didn’t want to disappoint his fans, especially the ones in the 300 sections that saved up to watch him play. The kids with the same excitement he once had.

I remember asking him why he couldn’t just sit a game out because he was hurting. He said, “What about the fans that saved up to watch me play just once?” He never forgot about his fans. If he could help it, he would play every minute of every game. He loves you all so much.

Kobe had many accomplishments, five-time NBA champion, five-time New York Times bestselling author, 18-time All Star, League MVP and two-time Finals MVP, two-time Olympic gold medal winner.

He is also the first professional athlete to win an Oscar.

The list goes on but, his most cherished accomplishment was being the very best girl dad.

Usually people thank everyone that has helped them get here, but since I don’t have Kobe’s specific list, I want to thank my husband. He did the work. He broke those records, and he inspired people to be great. I want to thank him for somehow finding ways to dedicate time to not only being an incredible athlete, a visionary entrepreneur and storyteller, but for also being an amazing family man.

Dear Kobe, thank you for being the best husband and father you could possibly be. Thank you for growing and learning from your own mistakes. Thank you for always trying to be better. Thank you for never giving up on us. Thank you for all of your hard work. Thank you for our family. Thank you for our daughters, Natalia, Gianna, Bianca and Capri. Thank you for working so tirelessly to provide for us and for giving us the most amazing life together.

Thank you for waking up at 4 a.m. to train, for making it home to kiss me good morning and for dropping our girls off at school, only to go to practice, come home and pick up our girls from school whenever you could.

Thank you for never missing a birthday, a dance recital, a school award show, show and tell, or any games our daughters played and your schedule permitted. Thank you for putting your love for our family first. Thank you for bringing so much joy to our lives, and joy to the people around the world. Thank you for inspiring us to be better than we were the day before. Thank you for teaching me and all of us to put someone else’s joy before our own. Thank you for being so selfless and loving with a heart of gold. Thank you for never taking yourself too seriously. Thank you for your sense of humor. Thank you for your wit.

Thank you for never telling me no, and always letting me have my way, most of the time. Thank you for being patient and easy-going. Thank you for letting me burst your bubble every chance I got. Thank you for graciously taking all my harsh comebacks. Thank you for dishing them back.

Thank you for being the Mickey to my Minnie and the Noah to my Allie. Thank you for loving me enough to last lifetimes, and every lifetime, I choose you. To our girls, Natalia and Gianna, thank you for sacrificing so much time away from daddy, so that he could focus on being the best at everything he set his mind to do.

Bianca and Capri, I’m so happy you’re here to see this tonight. Daddy was incredible. He loves you girls so very much.

Congratulations, baby, all of your hard work and sacrifice has paid off. He once told me, if you’re going to bet on someone, bet on yourself.

I’m glad you bet on yourself, you overachiever. You did it. You’re in the Hall of Fame now. You’re a true champ. You’re not just an MVP, you’re an all-time great. I’m so proud of you.

I love you forever and always, Kobe Bean Bryant.